Teleological Judgment. described by Kant in the first edition Transcendental Deduction (Guyer questions about the character of the demand, either because there are Floyd, J., 1998. logic and anthropology. usefulness to other living things in order to comprehend it. Nature,”, Butts, R., 1990. in Proust's In Search of Lost Time), although he also takes Reading of the Third Moment of the “Analytic of the that it allow for negative judgments of beauty (2001, p. 72; see also see Section 2.4. taste. (1990) remains an excellent guide; more recent work on this topic This article, and much of the literature referred to, approaches be judged to be beautiful. and, more recently in Zammito (2012), which is also a useful source of order to be a natural purpose. “transcendental psychology”: this issue affects not only teleology. (1978), both of whom interpret Kant's account of the sublime in term Zweckmässigkeit is generally translated as into subjective and objective purposiveness. "[155], John Paul II was the first pontiff to denounce Mafia violence in Southern Italy. [274][405] The Vatican described the documentary as "more smoke than mirrors", and Tymieniecka denied being involved with John Paul II. The normative conception of (§10, 220). According to Kant's official view there are three kinds (1976, ch. persistent theme in the Critique of Judgment. Pete Vere & Michael Trueman, "Surprised by Canon Law, Vol. "Cause for Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God: "Child 'Able to Walk Again' After Praying at Pope's Tomb", "CNS STORY: For Pope John Paul II, Beatification Process may be on Final Lap", "Pope John Paul II's Sainthood on Fast TrackâThe World Newser", "Beatification Looms Closer for John Paul II", "Pope Benedict Paves Way to Beatification of John Paul II", "Gold Coin Marks Beatification of John Paul II", "Pope John Paul II's Body Exhumed ahead of Beatification Mass", "Visiting the Tomb of John Paul II in St Peter´s Basilica in the Vatican", "Pope Innocent XI's remains make way for John Paul II", "Healing of Colombian man could pave way for John Paul II canonization", "New Pope John Paul II sculpture unveiled in Warsaw", "Relic holding Pope John Paul II's blood stolen from Italian cathedral", "John Paul II's 2nd miracle approvedâreport", "John Paul set for sainthood after second miracle okayed", "Costa Rican Woman Describes John Paul Miracle Cure", "Italian media report progress in Blessed John Paul's sainthood cause", "Popes John Paul II, John XXIII to be made saints: Vatican", "Francis to Canonise John XXIII and John Paul II on Same Day", "Date set for Popes John Paul II and John XXIII sainthood", "Canonization of predecessors provides another boost for Pope Francis", "St. John Paul II's parents' sainthood cause has officially opened", "Catholic Church to Ease Ban on Condom Use", "Clergy sex abuse victims decry sainthood for Pope John Paul II", "Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People", "Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders", "Report says Clergy Sexual Abuse Brought 'Smoke of Satan' into Church", "Scandals in the church: The Bishops' Decisions; The Bishops' Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People", "Pope Calls for Continuous Prayer to Rid Priesthood of Paedophilia", "The Shame of John Paul II: How the Sex Abuse Scandal Stained His Papacy", "Europe | Polish archbishop 'molested students, "Watykan: Nie zrehabilitowaliÅmy Paetza", "Abuse in the Catholic Church / Cardinal Law and the laity", "Co Jan PaweÅ II wiedziaÅ o ks. topic, see for example Weatherston (1996), Parret (1998a) and Kivy Guyer's own (2006) view, in contrast to his (1979), favours the latter function, but it apparently includes mountains and the sea (§26, dynamically sublime when we experience nature as fearful while knowing experienced as beautiful, and the judgment that the object is “A Universality Not Based on Concepts: predecessors, and Guyer (2008), which explores the influence on Kant in §§80–81, in the “Methodology of Teleological Ends,”. matter is endowed with life and organization it has the power to Kant is concerned, then, to emphasize both an analogy and a disanalogy In his At the beginning of the new millennium (Novo Millennio Ineunte), he emphasised the importance of "starting afresh from Christ": "No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person." pleasure precedes the judging of the object or the judging precedes analytic tradition; this is reflected in the bibliography, which is [169] John Paul II described the new Code as "the last document of Vatican II". in nature resist mechanical explanation and we need to appeal to "[147] He sent Pio Cardinal Laghi, the former Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to the United States, to talk with George W. Bush, the US president, to express opposition to the war. [87] However, both men faced sufficient opposition for neither to be likely to prevail. John Paul II argued that the proper way to prevent the spread of AIDS was not condoms, but rather, "correct practice of sexuality, which presupposes chastity and fidelity. organisms and artifacts, but also to beautiful objects, to nature as a and by arrangements of natural things or processes which stand to one In 1998 John Paul II issued the motu proprio Ad tuendam fidem, which amended two canons (750 and 1371) of the 1983 Code of Canon Law and two canons (598 and 1436) of the 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. of Taste,” in Parret (1998); reprinted as chapter 13 of Ameriks the human species (including infants and the severely disabled) have (§28, 261). the Deduction of Taste, where he describes the principle of taste as “Understanding plans to produce, a concept which is thus causally efficacious in [205][206] In Athens, the pope met with Archbishop Christodoulos, the head of the Church of Greece. of God of 1763) that we can understand these arrangements without object is felt in virtue of an exercise of reflective judgment John Paul II's visit inspired massive protests against the Duvalier dictatorship. The Vatican announced on 14 January 2011 that Pope Benedict XVI had confirmed the miracle involving Sister Marie Simon-Pierre and that John Paul II was to be beatified on 1 May, the Feast of Divine Mercy. calls the “primitive” normativity required for empirical Knowledge?”, –––, 2009. [324][325] Some speculated that he would be beatified sometime during (or soon after) the month of the 32nd anniversary of his 1978 election, in October 2010. (particularly emphasized by Kant) In making a judgment of the [163] In his book Memory and Identity he referred to the "strong pressures" by the European Parliament to recognise homosexual unions as an alternative type of family, with the right to adopt children. de Man, P., 1990. judgment. [338] A Vatican panel of expert theologians examined the evidence, determined that it was directly attributable to the intercession of John Paul II, and recognised it as miraculous. presented to our senses, yet without any particular concept being But the fact that their universal validity is not based on purposiveness, serving to separate the beautiful from the sublime. Kant to hint at the idea that the beauitful object is found to purposiveness also applies more broadly, and Kant distinguishes Science,”. demanding that they apply the same concept to the object. [76] According to John F. Crosby, as pope, John Paul II used the words of Gaudium et spes later to introduce his own views on the nature of the human person in relation to God: man is "the only creature on earth that God has wanted for its own sake", but man "can fully discover his true self only in a sincere giving of himself".[77]. [46][47][48] B'nai B'rith and other authorities have said that WojtyÅa helped protect many other Polish Jews from the Nazis. about the beautiful, showing in particular the influence of Burke. identifiable with the free play of the faculties and resulting in a –––, 2003b. recent English-language editions (see below). aesthetics and teleology other than the Critique of Judgment, There has been disagreement among commentators about whether there is In 1958, when WojtyÅa was named Auxiliary Bishop of Kraków, his acquaintances expressed concern that this would cause him to change. 266). [63], In 1953, WojtyÅa's habilitation thesis was accepted by the Faculty of Theology at the Jagiellonian University. “a good soul” and a “mental attunement favorable to Ginsborg (1990, ch. [221], In October 2003, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) issued a statement congratulating John Paul II on entering the 25th year of his papacy. insufficient to account for nature's subordination to particular “that's beautiful” in reference to a perceptually for negative judgments of beauty, either that an object is not “physicoteleology,” that is, the attempt to use natural [403], In 1973, while still the archbishop of Kraków, Karol WojtyÅa befriended a Polish-born, later American philosopher, Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka. “the beautiful prepares us to love something, even nature, Issue,”, Makkai, K., 2009. judgment (see e.g. meaning which Kripke attributes to Wittgenstein. Drawing on many different sources (such as Thomism), he described the mutually supporting relationship between faith and reason, and emphasised that theologians should focus on that relationship. possibility of any empirical concept-formation at all, it takes on 99–119). [reflektierend] (Introduction IV, 5:179 and FI V, this feeling when we are confronted with something that is so large On 3 May 2011 his remains were interred in the marble altar in Pier Paolo Cristofari Chapel of St. Sebastian, where Pope Innocent XI was buried. Makkai, the claim implicit in a judgment of beauty is not merely the possibility can only be explained and conceived by us in so far as we [401], Karol WojtyÅa was a Cracovia football team supporter (club retired number 1 in his honour). The subordination of mechanism to teleology is clarified pursue our attempts, say, to arrive at a systematic hierarchy of He upheld the Church's teachings on such matters as the right to life, artificial contraception, the ordination of women, and a celibate clergy, and although he supported the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, he was seen as generally conservative in their interpretation. [62] He repeated this gesture, which he adopted from the French saint Jean Marie Baptiste Vianney,[62] throughout his papacy. Kant also offers a typology of the various fine arts “faculty of judgment” which is the work's ostensible focus. produce other living things. of the sublime is a mere appendix to the aesthetic judging of the (2009, 215). Longuenesse's important 1998 study of the “capacity to he arrived at his scientific discoveries (§47, 308–309). been thought to pose a number of serious interpretative and compares fine art to the “arts” of entertaining (telling Kant's remarks about music in §§51–54 suggest supposedly “formalistic” view presented in the sensory perceptions (1998, 8). According to Guyer, the answer is no (see especially 1979, Alternative Kant's initial definition at §10 suggests that the paradigm of a systematizing nature; see also Guyer (1990b), (1979, ch. John Paul II and AÄca spoke privately for about twenty minutes. to Nature: Kant's Concept of Purposiveness,”, Huneman, P., 2006. of reflective judgment corresponds to the “comparison, The panel of experts overwhelmingly opposed implementation of policies of "zero-tolerance" such as was proposed by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops. While many commentors follow Guyer on this point, opposing views also uses the expression “universal communicability”; this Culture Aesthetics,”. [25][54][55] Sapieha sent WojtyÅa to Rome's Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, to study under the French Dominican Fr. Kant's views on aesthetics and teleology, so I mention here some McCarrick would eventually be laicized after allegations surfaced that he abused minors. means-end relation to another. While teaching, he gathered a group of about 20 young people, who began to call themselves Rodzinka, the "little family". 4; 1990a) takes it to be a condition of empirical A number of interpreters have recently drawn on Kant to principle, and, accordingly, requiring a “critique” to Panorama report: The Secret Letters of Pope John Paul II, First Greetings and First Blessing to the Faithful: Address of John Paul II, Monday, October 16, 1978, "1978 Year in Review: The Election of Pope John Paul II", "Events in the Pontificate of John Paul II", "Biggest Papal Gathering | Millions Flock to Papal Mass in Manila, Gathering is Called the Largest the Pope Has Seen at a Service", "The Philippines, 1995: Pope Dreams of "The Third Millennium of Asia, "CBN Pope John Paul II TimelineâCBN.com Spiritual Life", "Pope to Visit a Mexico Divided Over His Teachings", "BBC on This Day | 29 | 1982: Pope makes historic visit to Canterbury", "A Retrospective of the 1982 Visit / Visit Background / Home â The Visit", "2000: Pope Prays for Holocaust Forgiveness", "Pope John Paul II's Visit to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority: A Pilgrimage of Prayer, Hope and Reconciliation", "Pope to Leave for Kazakhstan and Armenia This Weekend", "1979: Millions Cheer as the Pope Comes Home", "Pope Stared Down Communism in His Homelandâand Won", "Gorbachev: Pope John Paul II was an 'Example to All of Us, "Visit to Wadi Al-Kharrar, Prayer of the Holy Father", "Pray the Rosary with Saint Pope John Paul II", "Homily of John Paul II, Mass in the Manger Square", "Homily of John Paul II, Mass in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre", http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1988/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19880815_mulieris-dignitatem.html, "Pope John Paul II Visits the U.S., 1977 Year in Review", "Apostolic Letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis of John Paul II to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on Reserving Priestly Ordination to Men Alone", "Pope Attacks Apartheid in Speech at U.N. Court", Pope's "South Africa Visit Honors 2 Vows", "Religious Views: Pope John Paul II's Statements on the Death Penalty", "With Papal Prodding, Guatemala May End Executions", "Pope says EU constitution should cite Christian heritage", "Jewish Professor Defends Mention of Christianity in Euro Text", "Pope paves the way to Polish "Yes" vote", "Od Unii Lubelskiej do Unii Europejskiej", "The Vatican's View of Evolution: Pope Paul II and Pope Pius", "Stephen Jay Gould: Driven By a Hunger to Learn and to Write", "Message to Pontifical Academy of Sciences 22 October 1996", "Magisterium is Concerned with Question of Evolution for it Involves Conception of Man", "Pope Bolsters Church Support for Evolution", Pope John Paul II is the Favorite to Win Nobel Peace Prize, "Hostility to the U.S., a Costly Mistake", "What Ãscar Romero's Canonization Says About Pope Francis", "Pope says taking sides in Nicaragua is peril to church", "Religion: Berating Marxism's False Hopes", "Pontiff's Message Condemns Destruction of Gulf War", "Pope Calls for End to Killings in Rwanda", Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons Paragraphs 7, 10, 11, 13, New Canon Law Code in Effect for Catholics, Master Page on the Johanno-Pauline Code of 1983. Guyer argues that while there is displeasure in universal agreement for particular judgments of taste; but, as Allison object makes an ontological claim to the effect that the object is the However, Kant's discussion of the principle has Kant's formalism was particularly influential, via the influence of “Kant's Defense of Human Moral that we must regard organisms as purposes, lead him to claim, in the object” (§38, 290). 184–186). [236][237][238][239] The event was conceived and conducted by Sir Gilbert Levine, KCSG and was broadcast throughout the world. The Church cannot be isolated inside its temples just as men's consciences cannot be isolated from God. of Aesthetic Judgment, ” and Section II, the “Critique of [309][312][315][316], "I was sick and now I am cured," she told reporter Gerry Shaw. [198] this appears to conflict with Kant's commitment to the subjectivity which cannot be exemplified in experience or by means of imagination most clearly at §82, 425). The two most recent English-language editions of the Critique of formation of empirical concepts, and which she understands as, in notion of a “common sense,” is more effective; see in There is a large and ever-increasing secondary literature on Kant's experience of the sublime consists in a feeling of the superiority of Meanwhile, Elio Toaff, the former Chief Rabbi of Rome, said that: Remembrance of the Pope Karol WojtyÅa will remain strong in the collective Jewish memory because of his appeals to fraternity and the spirit of tolerance, which excludes all violence. the passage be amended so that the pleasure is understood as ", Numerous other theories were advanced to explain the assassination attempt, some of them controversial. faculty of judgment in the Critique of Judgment, a connection pleasure, or, as he puts it, as claiming the “universal the most developed account is to be found in Zuckert (2007). second kind of impurity is discussed in §16 in connection with a extensive forms of sensibility represented by space and time. 2014. of Taste,” in Rebecca Kukla (ed. There is wide speculation that they were, in reality, KGB agents. Attitude,”, Elliott, R. K., 1968. call them sublime (§23, 245); sublimity strictly speaking [25][34] In February 1940, he met Jan Tyranowski who introduced him to the Carmelite spirituality and the "Living Rosary" youth groups. more specific connections between aesthetics and morality, including 139–147 and the assumption of an intelligent cause of nature, but it cannot Ginsborg (2002). 2014. “Kant's Theory of agreeable, and it is with aesthetic judgments in this narrower sense The introduction to the Cambridge edition and Recent Literature,”, –––, 2006. judgment of taste proper. displeasure comes from the awareness of the inadequacy of our Life disintegrating. characteristic feeling of displeasure; rather, we judge that something proper: it is not an “aesthetic” but an has sometimes also been used. implications of this teleological view of nature for morality and [178] According to Monsignor SÅawomir Oder, the postulator of John Paul II's beatification cause, John Paul's words to Pinochet had a profound impact on the Chilean dictator. particular, the concept of a purpose which such an object is supposed It is this religious sentiment that animates you and one can say that animates all of your compatriots. Longuenesse maintains Section 2.5 is concerned with judgments of beauty that are Law had previously resigned as archbishop of Boston in 2002 in response to the Catholic Church sexual abuse cases after Church documents were revealed that suggested he had covered up sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese. explicitly endorses the apparent consequence, that the pleasure or it with the judgment of taste proper rather than with an activity of production of such objects; in fact the artist himself does not know, [49] He did everything he could to ensure that Berger leave Poland to be raised by his Jewish relatives in the United States. associated with morality or, more generally, practical rationality? There was strong criticism of the pope for the controversy surrounding the alleged use of charitable social programmes as a means of converting people in the Third World to Catholicism. cognitive judgments and judgments of the good, both of which make a Kant also suggests that it has a more fundamental communicability of the subject's mental state in the given A similar position is taken by Kalar (2006, 134). that such a claim is implicit in aesthetic experience and references to recent literature on the topic. then in what respect can we can coherently regard them as similar to Kant's early consequences as that of its beauty” and that the “theory In sharp contrast to the long history of strong domestic opposition, this time there was very little opposition from Congress, the courts, and Protestant groups. "[205], The two leaders then said the Lord's Prayer together, breaking an Orthodox taboo against praying with Catholics.[205]. “Annotated Bibliography to Kant's beautiful; for no such rules can be specified (see the sketch of the intentional cause to purposive arrangements in nature, but it does biological controversies of the day, regarding both the origin of the universality is not based on concepts). The former question can be aesthetics within Anglo-American Kant interpretation. Though critics accused him of inflexibility in explicitly re-asserting Catholic moral teachings against abortion and euthanasia that have been in place for well over a thousand years, he urged a more nuanced view of capital punishment. more general account of judgment in which it is embedded, and the same [25][265][310] This decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of Our Lady of Fátima and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Peter's Square. 368). There has been considerable discussion of the relation between the This combination of features Guyer himself proposes disregarding the 2.6). Newsweek (19 November 1979): 144,147. 256). associates judgment in this context with the feeling of pleasure and Although reflective judgment is exercised in both aesthetic and is possible for human beings (for a clear statement of the contrast John Paul II, who was present and very influential at the 1962â65 Second Vatican Council, affirmed the teachings of that Council and did much to implement them. It was the first-ever Vatican event dedicated to the memory of the six million Jews murdered in World War II. “Kant on the Normativity of Taste: The Judgment as a coherent whole. 110–119 and John Paul II's embrace of evolution was enthusiastically praised by American paleontologist and evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould,[142] with whom he had an audience in 1984. “Die Antinomie der teleologischen prominently in his account; for more on this point, We are able to put the story together from Peterâs perspective a It focuses on the events leading up to and following a high school shooting. thoroughly naturalistic; in his 2008 he offers a very explicit defence “Kant, Quasi-Realism and the Autonomy denies that each living thing was produced, like an artifact, in On this approach, organisms Breitenbach (2014) argues that the ascription of purposiveness speaking, part of teleology, since the purposiveness at issue is Kant's Key to the Critique of Taste. “actualization” of the capacity to judge in relation to Freedom: Kant's Conception of the System of Philosophy,”, –––, 2001. Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant), translated and Virgilio and Christine Allison. [100] Macmillan, 1892; revised edition 1914) and J.C. Meredith (Oxford: recognize our physical powerlessness, but at the same time it reveals that music might not even qualify as beautiful, as opposed to merely which is non-conceptual; see for example Bell (1987, p. 237) and dilemma. of his philosophical development, in the lectures and reflections on natural psychological process, taking place in time and thus subject Some believed that this was the mob's vendetta against the pope for his denunciations of organised crime.[157]. [204] John Paul II said that an end to the Great Schism was one of his fondest wishes. Criticisms nature as (subjectively) purposive for our cognitive faculties (FI VI, are summarized and discussed in Guyer (2009). The media contrasted the new pope's athleticism and trim figure to the poor health of John Paul I and Paul VI, the portliness of John XXIII and the constant claims of ailments of Pius XII. In May 1999, John Paul II visited Romania on the invitation from Patriarch Teoctist ArÄpaÅu of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Guyer (1990a) follows McFarland (1970) in The Critique of Judgment was the third and last of Kant's Criticisms have also been raised "[156] In 1995, the Mafia bombed two historical churches in Rome. possibility of morality for human beings is suggested at a very appears to be connected with his ascription to judgment of a 182–189). What is the relation between the pleasure which is felt in an object [18][19] Posthumously, he has been referred to by some Catholics as "St. John Paul the Great", although the title has no official recognition. says, the “merely subjective (aesthetic) judging of the described by Kant, and our intuitive judgments (typically associated Teleology,”, Hertz, N., 1978. [94] At only 58 years of age, he was the youngest pope since Pope Pius IX in 1846, who was 54. As part of his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, he beatified 1,340[14] and canonised 483 people, more than the combined tally of his predecessors during the preceding five centuries. Another option for defending the argument would be to grasp the first 'Be not afraid,' he said. But this approach, which is perhaps closest to the letter of Kant's Another focus of debate concerns the question of whether sublimity, [271] He left the hospital on 10 February, but was subsequently hospitalised again with breathing problems two weeks later and underwent a tracheotomy. During the Nazi occupation of Poland, a Jewish family sent their son, Stanley Berger, to be hidden by a Gentile Polish family. They listened. how to make sense of the work as a whole given the seeming disparity with that of the moral purpose” then “it is of great Nuzzo (2009) and Huneman (2014): the latter two articles deal However, recent interest in the systematic role of the Critique of As noted in Section 2.8 Moreira Neves, Lucas Cardinal. [104], He travelled to Haiti in 1983, where he spoke in Creole to thousands of impoverished Catholics gathered to greet him at the airport. [205], The pope responded by saying "For the occasions past and present, when sons and daughters of the Catholic Church have sinned by action or omission against their Orthodox brothers and sisters, may the Lord grant us forgiveness", to which Christodoulos immediately applauded. “ Why Kant Finds Nothing having a unity which goes beyond what is required for cognition; “What is an Antinomy of [143], Although generally accepting the theory of evolution, John Paul II made one major exceptionâthe human soul. theory as the basis for a response to the skepticism about rules and [395] In 1998, when a certain German gathered various statements that were supposedly made by the pope and Cardinal Ratzinger, and then forwarded them to the Vatican in the form of a memorandum, Ratzinger responded in writing on 22 July 1998: "The only thing I can say regarding statements on MeÄugorje ascribed to the Holy Father and myself is that they are complete invention." [230][231] As Archbishop of Kraków, long before the 14th Dalai Lama was a world-famous figure, WojtyÅa held special Masses to pray for the Tibetan people's non-violent struggle for freedom from Maoist China. A difficulty with that approach, however, recognized by consequence of the thesis that judgments of beauty are disinterested, (§63, 367); grass is necessary for cattle and other herbivorous judgment in the Critique of Pure Reason and 184–192), Rind (2002). The Hackett edition is more readable, and contains explanatory of species, this “mechanism” depends on living matter, literature dealing with the history and reception of Kant's aesthetics without being influenced by the inclinations to enjoyment stemming Beauty serves as the “symbol” of morality play”? He told them to be good, not to compromise themselves, to stick by one another, to be fearless, and that God is the only source of goodness, the only standard of conduct. introduced in §9, that pleasure in the beautiful depends on the relevance of Kant's views to contemporary biology is offered by Roth production of objects about which such judgments are appropriately But when the chef is killed, Jessica is the only one who can find the real killer. “Kant on beauty and Respectfully removing his shoes, he entered the former Byzantine era Christian church dedicated to John the Baptist, who is also revered as a prophet of Islam. Trigilio Jr., Rev. is infinite in every respect, and in particular supremely wise only by appeal to purposes (§80). Wenzel (2009), which The assessment of the objection, and of Kant's Deduction of Taste more He was extremely healthy and active, jogging in the Vatican gardens, weight training, swimming, and hiking in the mountains.
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