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During this period, there was continued hostility between Cilician Armenia and the Seljuk Turks, as well as occasional bickering between Armenians and the Principality of Antioch over forts located near southern Amanus. [3] Levon's growing power made him a particularly important ally for the neighbouring crusader state of Antioch, which resulted in intermarriage with noble families there, but his dynastic policies revealed ambition towards the overlordship of Antioch which the Latins ultimately could not countenance. [7], In 1198, the Catholicos of Sis, Grigor VI Apirat, proclaimed a union between the Armenian Church and the Roman Catholic Church; however, this had no notable effect, as the local clergy and populace was strongly opposed to such a union. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 2005 pp. Their capital was originally at Tarsus, and later became Sis. Le royaume arm\u00E9nien de Cilicie : 12.-14. si\u00E8cle\" ; Export to EndNote / Reference Manager(non-Latin), Regno armeno di Cilicia <1080-1375> -- Storia, http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/oclc\/954855196>. [30] The bulk of the Mongol army was then obligated to retreat. [32] When Ghazan died on May 10, 1304, all hope of reconquest of the Holy Land died in conjunction. For instance, Joscelin I, Count of Edessa married the daughter of Constantine, and Baldwin, brother of Godfrey, married Constantine's niece, daughter of his brother T'oros. It was located at the juncture of many trade routes linking Central Asia and the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean. [26] They took control of Egypt and Palestine in 1250 and 1253, respectively, and filled the vacuum caused by the Mongol destruction of the pre-existing Ayyubid and Abbasid governments. [7][42] In 1909, Cilician Armenians were massacred in Adana. Bularghu, a recent convert to Islam, murdered the entire Armenian party. Would you also like to submit a review for this item? Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: Your request to send this item has been completed. [citation needed]. Le royaume arménien de Cilicie : 12.-14. siècle. You may have already requested this item. [7], The Catholicosate of the Armenian Apostolic Church followed its people in taking refuge outside the Armenian highlands, which had turned into a battleground of Byzantine and Seljuk contenders. Later, it moved to various locations in Cilicia; Tavbloor in 1062; Dzamendav in 1066; Dzovk in 1116; and Hromkla in 1149. Above all, most ordinary Armenians frowned on conversion to Roman Catholicism or Greek Orthodoxy. [7] Marco Polo, for example, set out on his journey to China from Ayas in 1271. In the 16th century, Cilicia fell under Ottoman dominion and officially became known as the Adana Vilayet in the 17th century. [10] Nicephorus thus expelled the Muslims living in Cilicia, and encouraged Christians from Syria and Armenia to settle in the region. Prince Levon I, T'oros' brother and successor, started his reign in 1129. [40] Amidst failed Armenian pleas for help from Europe, the falls of Sis to the Mamluks in 1374 and the fortress of Gaban in 1375, where King Levon V, his daughter Marie, and her husband Shahan had taken refuge, put an end to the kingdom. Quoted in Rene Grousset. The city of Tarsus was taken, the royal palace and the church of Saint Sophia was burned, the state treasury was looted, 15,000 civilians were killed, and 10,000 were taken captive to Egypt. [Claude Mutafian] Home. Hromkla was also sacked, forcing the Catholicossate to move to Sis. [12], The formal annexation of Greater Armenia to the Byzantine Empire in 1045 and its conquest by the Seljuk Turks 19 years later caused two new waves of Armenian migration to Cilicia. Cilician Armenia's prominence in the region is attested by letters sent in 1189 by Pope Clement III to Levon and to Catholicos Gregory IV, in which he asks Armenian military and financial assistance to the crusaders. 645–653. During his rule, he faced both Byzantines and Seljuks, and expanded the Rubenid domain. Levon died in prison three years later. Numerous and frequently-updated resource results are available from this WorldCat.org search. The E-mail message field is required. [3] His descendants were called Rubenids[11] (or Rubenians). Moreover, the Mamluks were to receive an annual tribute of one million dirhams from the Armenians. [42] Descendants of the remaining Cilician Armenians have been dispersed in the Armenian diaspora, and the Holy See of Cilicia is based in Antelias, Lebanon. [10] In order to better protect their eastern territories after their reconquest, the Byzantines resorted largely to a policy of mass transfer and relocation of native populations within the Empire's borders. Het'um II became a Franciscan friar after his abdication. The structure of Cilician society became more synonymous with Western feudalism than to the traditional nakharar system of Armenia. The story of a paradoxical kingdom from the twelfth to the fourteenth century, that made this land close to the Mediterranean a focus of Armenian civilization in special relationship with France. [7], During the reign of King Levon, the economy of Cilician Armenia progressed greatly and became heavily integrated with Western Europe. The Armenian nobles largely accepted this, but the peasantry opposed the changes, which eventually led to civil strife. During the Disaster of Mari, the Mamluks under Sultan Al-Mansur Ali and the commander Qalawun defeated the Armenians, killing T'oros and capturing Levon along with tens of thousands of Armenian soldiers. Despite his sometimes-burdensome military commitments to the Mongols, Het’um had the financial resources and political autonomy to build new and impressive fortifications, such as the castle at Tamrut. [a][b][c] He returned in 1250 with an agreement guaranteeing the integrity of Cilicia, as well as the promise of Mongol aid to recapture forts seized by the Seljuks. The extent of Western influence over Cilician Armenia is also reflected by the incorporation of two new letters (Ֆ ֆ = "f" and Օ օ = "o") and various Latin-based words into the Armenian language. The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Middle Armenian: Կիլիկիոյ Հայոց Թագաւորութիւն, Giligio Hayoc’ T’akavorut’iun), also known as Cilician Armenia (Armenian: Կիլիկեան Հայաստան, Giligian Hayastan), Lesser Armenia, or New Armenia[1] and formerly known as the Armenian Principality of Cilicia (Armenian: Կիլիկիայի հայկական իշխանութիւն), was an Armenian state formed during the High Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia. The 1268 Cilicia earthquake further devastated the country. [23] The Mongol conquest was disastrous for Greater Armenia, but not Cilicia, as Het'um preemptively chose to cooperate with the Mongols. Baghras was assassinated and the regency passed to Constantine of Baberon from the Het'umid dynasty, a very influential Armenian family. In 27 BC, the Roman Empire conquered Cilicia and transformed it into one of its eastern provinces. [22] The Rubenids consolidated their power by controlling strategic roads with fortifications that extended from the Taurus Mountains into the plain and along the borders, including the baronial and royal castles at Sis, Anavarza, Vahka, Vaner/Kovara, Sarvandikar, Kuklak, T‛il Hamtun, Hadjin, and Gaban (modern Geben).[3]. He was assisted by fourteen bishops in administering the Armenian Church in the kingdom, a number which grew in later years. He secured agreements with Pisa, Genoa, and Venice, as well as the French and the Catalans, and granted them certain privileges such as tax exemptions in return for their business. [8] Most Armenian castles made atypical usage of rocky heights, and featured curved walls and round towers, similar to those of the Hospitaller castles Krak des Chevaliers and Marqab. Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: or Search WorldCat. [6] Although the accession of Het'um I in 1226 marked the beginning of Cilician Armenia's united dynastic kingdom, the Armenians were confronted by many challenges from abroad. [43] The multi-ethnic population, as well as commercial and political links with Europeans, particularly France, brought important new influences on Armenian culture. Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read. In the sixth century AD, Armenian families relocated to Byzantine territories. Separate up to five addresses with commas (,). [44] The Cilician period also produced some important examples of Armenian art, notably the illuminated manuscripts of Toros Roslin, who was at work in Hromkla in the thirteenth century. [10] The Armenians came to serve the Byzantines as military officers or governors, and were given control of important cities on the Byzantine Empire's eastern frontier. Gold and silver coins, called dram and tagvorin, were struck at the royal mints of Sis and Tarsus. [35] Oshin was crowned new king of Cilician Armenia upon his return to Tarsus. [7] In fact, during the Cilician period, Western titles such as baron and constable replaced their Armenian equivalents nakharar and sparapet. [16] The Armenians and Crusaders were part allies, part rivals for the two centuries to come. • Claude Mutafian in Le Royaume Arménien de Cilicie, p. 55, describes "the Mongol alliance" entered into by the king of Armenia and the Franks of Antioch ("the King of Armenia decided to engage into the Mongol alliance, an intelligence that the Latin barons lacked, except for Antioch"), and "the Franco-Mongol collaboration." Durant le règne de Constantin Ier survin… The Western Church sent numerous missions to Cilician Armenia to help with rapprochement, but had limited results. Instead of negotiating peace, however, the king was forced to cede his Armenian lands and live in exile. OCLC’s WebJunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus issues in their communities. Almost the entire population of Ayas, Armenian, and Frankish perished.[26]. Learn more ››. The three primary harbours of the Armenian Kingdom, which were vital to its economy and defense, were the fortified coastal sites at Ayas and Koŕikos, and the river emporium of Mopsuestia. In 1275, an army led by the emirs of the sultan invaded the country without pretext and faced Armenians who had no means of resistance. [5] Het'um and his forces fought under the Mongol banner of Hulagu in the conquest of Muslim Syria and the capture of Aleppo and Damascus from 1259 to 1260. Many aspects of Western European life were adopted by the nobility including chivalry, fashions in clothing, and the use of French titles, names, and language. Levon II was accepted as the first king due to Byzantium not accepting previous de facto kings as real kings and not dukes. Again, in 1441, long after the fall of the kingdom, the Armenian Catholicos of Sis, Grigor IX Musabekiants, proclaimed the union of the Armenian and Latin churches at the Council of Florence; this was countered by an Armenian schism under Kirakos I Virapetsi, who moved the See of the Catholicos to Echmiadzin, and marginalized Sis. [6] On June 26, 1243, they secured a decisive victory at Köse Dağ against the Seljuk Turks. Its seat was first transferred to Sebasteia in 1058 in Cappadocia, where had existed a significant Armenian population. Refresh and try again. Ruben was alongside the Armenian ruler Gagik when he went to Constantinople upon the Byzantine emperor's request. During King Levon I's rule, the Catholicos was located in distant Hromkla. [8] Cilician Armenia thrived economically, with the port of Ayas serving as a center for East-West trade. Further, in 1285, following a powerful offensive push by Qalawun, the Armenians had to sign a ten-year truce under harsh terms. He was received with great honors and promised freedom from taxation of the Armenian churches and monasteries located in Mongol territory. Image provided by: CDC/ Alissa Eckert, MS; Dan Higgins, MAM. [3] Important European merchant communities and colonies came into existence, with their own churches, courts of law, and trading houses. [12] Ruben II, Mleh, and Ruben III, succeeded T'oros in 1169, 1170, and 1175, respectively. Der Nersessian. [28] The Mamluks, despite the above, continued to raid Cilician Armenia on numerous occasions. The Franciscans were put in charge of this activity. [7] Only the humbler Armenians remained in Cilicia. Bournoutian, Ani Atamian. [43], In other areas, there was more hostility to the new Western trends. In 83 BC, the Greek aristocracy of Seleucid Syria, weakened by a bloody civil war, offered their allegiance to the ambitious Armenian king. For a list of other Armenian Kingdoms, see, • Prince Levon II of Armenian Cilicia crowned as king, Although the kingdom was established in 1198, its foundations were laid in 1080 by, Mass Armenian migration under the Byzantine Empire, Armenian-Byzantine and Armenian-Seljuk contentions, Decline and fall with the Lusignan dynasty, Dispersion of the Armenian population of Cilicia. "The king of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch went to the military camp of the Tatars, and they all went off to take Damascus". Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were sent to the new metropolis of Tigranakert (Latin: Tigranocerta). Copyright © 2001-2020 OCLC. [3], The apparent unification in marriage of the two main dynasties of Cilicia, Rubenid and Het'umid, ended a century of dynastic and territorial rivalry, while bringing the Het'umids to the forefront of political dominance in Cilician Armenia. Angus, Stewart, "The assassination of King Het'um II". 0 with reviews - Be the first. He fought the rulers of Konya, Aleppo, and Damascus, and added new lands to Cilicia, doubling its Mediterranean coast. In their absence, the Mamluks regrouped, and regained the area in May 1300. [5] Both during his trip to the Mongol court and in his 1256 return to Cilicia, he passed through Greater Armenia. While he was crowned by the catholicos, Gregory VI Abirad, Levon received a banner with the insignia of a lion from Archbishop Conrad of Mainz in the name of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor. Please select Ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway. [6], During the rule of Zabel and Het'um, the Mongols under Genghis Khan and his successor Ögedei Khan rapidly expanded from Central Asia and reached the Middle East, conquering Mesopotamia and Syria in their advance towards Egypt. You may send this item to up to five recipients. At its height, Tigranes' Armenian Empire extended from the Pontic Alps to Mesopotamia, and from the Caspian to the Mediterranean. Thus, in 1080, the foundations of the independent Armenian princedom of Cilicia, and the future kingdom, were laid under Ruben's leadership. Please enter your name. [14], One of the princes who came after Philaretos' invitation was Ruben, who had close ties with the last Bagratid Armenian king, Gagik II. He sent his brother Smbat to the Mongol court of Karakorum in 1247 to negotiate an alliance. [41], The title has also been claimed indirectly by the House of Savoy by claiming the title King of Jerusalem and a number of other thrones. Constantine saw the Crusaders' arrival as a one-time opportunity to consolidate his rule of Cilicia by eliminating the remaining Byzantine strongholds in the region. Byzantine Empire under the Angelos dynasty, List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, "Chapter XXV: Magnificence to be soon followed by Calamity", "Chapter XXVII: The Barony of Cilician Armenia", "Chapter XXX: The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia — Mongol Invasion", Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Documents Armeniens I, p.664, County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia&oldid=980668336, States and territories established in 1080, States and territories disestablished in the 14th century, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing Middle Armenian-language text, Articles containing Armenian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015, Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy), Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 September 2020, at 19:46.

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